Wedyaswari, M., Jefferies, P., Cahyadi, S., & Hinduan, Z. R.
Measuring psycho-social-ecological resilience: Validation in an Indonesian population
A comprehensive assessment of resilience should involve attention to individual characteristics as internal protective factors and social-ecological characteristics as external protective factors. The Adult Resilience Measure-Revised (ARM-R) and Rugged Resilience Measure (RRM) facilitate the assessment of both kinds of protective factors. This study aims to validate and examine the psychometric properties of Indonesian versions of the measures as part of a holistic approach to the assessment of resilience. In a sample of N = 754 individuals (≥ 18 years old), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses show that the models have a good fit and acceptable item-factor loadings (≥ .30). The best model for RRM is the same as the original version. Conversely, the best model for ARM-R is different, consisting of four factors (i.e., family resources, friends and community resources, personal resources, and meaning and opportunity). The measurements are reliable (ωARM = .909; ωRRM = .877) and have good evidence for convergent (with the Resilience Scale; r ≥ .045), predictive (low resilience is predicted in adverse childhood experience group), and incremental validity (significant improvement in predicting life satisfaction).
